Table of contents
Here are the some commands with explanation which are important for learning Linux and before starting your DevOps journey.
1. System Info Commands
hostname — shows the name of the system host.
```
➜ ~ hostname
localhost
```
hostid — shows the host id of the system assigned by the OS.
```
➜ ~ hostid
0a123456
```
date — shows the current date and time in UTC format.
```
➜ ~ date
Wed Jan 19 12:34:56 UTC 2024
```
uptime — shows the elapsed time duration since the machine logged in.
```
➜ ~ uptime
12:34:56 up 1 day, 3:45, 2 users, load average: 0.25, 0.20, 0.18
```
uname — unix name.
```
➜ ~ uname
Linux
```
clear — clears the screen.
➜ ~ clear
history — lists all the commands executed until now.
```
➜ ~ history
1 ls
2 cd Documents
3 nano file.txt
4 gcc program.c -o program
5 ./program
6 history
```
sudo — Super User Do.
```
➜ ~ sudo su — USERNAME
```
echo $? — shows the exit status of the last executed command (0 — success, 1–255 — error/failure).
➜ ~ echo $?
127
shutdown -r now — restart the machine immediately (-r restart).
```
➜ ~ sudo shutdown -r now
Broadcast message from user@hostname
(/dev/pts/0) at 12:34 …
The system is going down for reboot NOW!
```
printenv — displays all the environment variables of the Linux system.
```
➜ ~ printenv
TERM=xterm-256color
SHELL=/bin/bash
USER=your_username
…
```
last — shows previous logins in the Linux system.
```
➜ ~ last
root pts/0 Wed Jan 19 12:34 still logged in
reboot system boot 5.4.0–96-generic Sat Jun 1 12:33 still running
```
systemctl — System Control: Manage system services using systemd.
```
➜ ~ systemctl status sshd
● sshd.service — OpenBSD Secure Shell server
Loaded: loaded (/lib/systemd/system/sshd.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)
Active: active (running) since Sat 2024–06–01 12:34:56 UTC; 3h ago
Docs: man:sshd(8)
man:sshd_config(5)
Process: 1234 ExecStartPre=/usr/sbin/sshd -t (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
Main PID: 5678 (sshd)
Tasks: 1 (limit: 1234)
Memory: 2.3M
CPU: 12ms
CGroup: /system.slice/sshd.service
└─5678 /usr/sbin/sshd -D
Jan 19 12:34:56 hostname systemd[1]: Starting OpenBSD Secure Shell server…
Jan 19 12:34:56 hostname sshd[5678]: Server listening on 0.0.0.0 port 22.
Jan 19 12:34:56 hostname sshd[5678]: Server listening on :: port 22.
Jan 19 12:34:56 hostname systemd[1]: Started OpenBSD Secure Shell server.
```
**2. File Commands**
touch — creates an empty file or updates timestamp of the existing file.
```
touch <fileName> — creates a single empty file.
touch <file1> <file2> — creates file1, file2 empty files.
```
**cat** — concatenates and displays the contents of files.
```
cat <fileName> — displays the contents of the file.
cat > <fileName> — creates a new file, allows to input content interactively and redirects inputted content to the created file (> redirection operator).
```
➜ ~ head -n 5 help.txt
1. Commands shortcut
….
5. huddle — Connect to Syncup Call
tail <fileName> — displays the last 10 lines of the file by default.
tail -F <fileName> — displays contents of the file in real-time even when the file is rotated or replaced (used for log file monitoring).
➜ ~ tail -F mySystem.logs
echo “I love DevOps”
echo “Best Linux commands”
….
less <fileName> — used to view large files (log files) in a paginated manner.
rm — remove command.
r
```
m <fileName> — removes the file.
rm -r <dirName> — removes files & folders of directory recursively (-r recursive).
rm -rf <dirName> — force remove the files & folders of directory recursively (-f force).
Example: rm -r ./test
```
**cp** — copy command.
```
cp <source> <destination> — copy the files and folders from source to destination.
cp -r <dir1> <dir2> — copy dir1 directory to dir2 directory recursively (-r recursive).
Example: cp -r ./sourceDir ./destiDir
```
**File Permission Commands**
ls -l <pathOfFileName> — shows the permissions of the file.
ls -ld <dirNamePath> - shows the permissions of the directory.
chmod <octalNumber> <fileName> — changes mode/permissions of the file.
chmod <octalNumber> -R <dirName> — changes mode/permissions of the directory recursively.
chown <newUser> <fileName> — changes the user ownership of a file.
chown <newUser>:<newGroup> <fileName> — changes the user & group ownerships of a file.
chgrp <groupName> <fileName/dirName> — updates the group name for file/directory.
getfacl <fileName/dirName> — shows the file/directory access control list.
setfacl -m u:<userName>:rwx <fileName/dirName> - modifies the current acl of the file/directory.
setfacl -x u:<userName>: <fileName/dirName> — removes the acl permissions for the file/directory.
setfacl -m g:<groupName>:rwx <fileName/dirName> — modifies the group acls for the file/directory.
setfacl -x g:<groupName>: <fileName/dirName> — removes the group acl permissions for the file/directory.
File Permission Octal Numbers
read (r) — 4, write (w)- 2, execute (x) — 1
Sum the numbers to generate an octal number for setting permissions on a file or directory.
User Management Commands
ac — Total connect time for all users or specified users.
The ac command reads the /var/log/wtmp file, which contains binary data about every login, logout, system event, and current status on the system. It gets its data from the wtmp file.
Display total login time of a specific user.
ac john
Display total login time for each user.
ac -p
Display total login time for each day.
ac -d
Display total login time for the current day.
ac -d -p
Display login time from a specific log file.
ac -f /var/log/wtmp
useradd - Creates a user account.
useradd <userName> — Creates user account without home & mail spool directories.
Example: useradd bot
**useradd -m <userName>** — Creates user account with home & mail spool directories.
Example: useradd -m bot
passwd <userName> - The system generates a password for the user and then stores it in the /etc/shadow file.
userdel - Deletes User Account.
userdel <userName> — deletes the user from the system.
**userdel -r <userName>** — deletes the user from the system along with home and mail spool directories.
Example: userdel -r bot
**
/etc/passwd** — Stores information about user accounts.
cat /etc/passwd - displays the complete list of users on that machine.
/etc/shadow - stores the password for users in an encrypted format.
cat /etc/shadow — displays the complete list of user passwords on that machine.
su — substitute user.
su <userName> — switches to the user mentioned.
exit — to logout from that user.
Example: su — ram
usermod — modify user.
usermod -aG <groupName> <userName> — adds the user to another group (-aG append the user to the group without removing from other groups).
Example: usermod -aG mygroup ram
chsh — change shell.
chsh -s /bin/bash <user> — changes the shell to bash for the user.
**chsh -s /bin/sh <user>** — changes the shell to sh for the user.
Example: chsh -s /bin/sh ubuntu
3. Group Management Commands
groupadd <groupName> — creates the group.
groupdel <groupName> — delete the group.
/etc/group - stores the information of the groups.
cat /etc/group — displays the complete list of groups on that machine.
gpasswd <groupName> — creates a password for the group.
gpasswd -a <userName> <groupName> — adds the user to the group.
** gpasswd -d <userName> <groupName>** — removes the user from the group.
**gpasswd -M <userName1>,<userName2>,<userName3> <groupName>** — adds multiple users to the group and removes the existing ones of the group.
4. Searching Commands
find — Search for files/directories based on their names.
locate — Search for files/directories based on their names.
locate <fileName/dirName> - locates the file/directory and displays the path.
Example: locate crazy.txt
GREP Command — Global Regular Expression Print
grep <textToSearch> <fileName> — used to find text patterns within files.
** grep -i <textToSearch> <fileName>** — used to find text patterns within the file ignoring the case (-i ignore case).
**grep -v <textToSearch> <fileName>** — used to find non matching lines of text patterns (-v invert-match).
**grep -l <textToSearch> <fileNames>** — used to display the matching string file names.
Example: grep -l welcome crazy.txt
There are additional commands related to grep.
egrep (or grep -E)
fgrep (or grep -F)
zgrep (for compressed files)
zegrep (or zgrep -E for compressed files)
bzgrep (for compressed files)
ack-grep (Ack)
5. Hardware Infomation Commands
free -h - Display system memory information in human-readable format (-h).
df -h - It displays the disk space usage of mounted file systems.
du — Disk usage.
du -h - Display disk usage information in human-readable format.
**
6. Connection To Remote System**
ssh — Secure Shell: Connect to a remote server securely.
Example: ssh user@remote_host
scp — Securely Copy Files: Copy files between local and remote systems using SSH.
Example: scp file.txt user@remote_host:/path
rsync — Remote Sync: Synchronize files and directories between systems.
Example: rsync -avz local_folder/ user@remote_host:remote_folder/
Network Commands
nc — Simple tcp proxy, network daemon testing
Example: nc -vz google.com 443
ping <hostName> — tests the reachability & responsiveness of the remote host.
Example: ping google.com -c 2 (-c pings 2 times)
dig <domainName> — Shows DNS information of the domain.
Example: dig medium.com
wget <url>- Used to retrieve/download files from the internet.
curl - client URL.
curl <url> — Used to retrieve/download files from the internet.
ifconfig — Display available network interfaces.
ip addr - Display and manipulate network interface info.
curl ifconfig.me — Shows the public ip address of the machine.
**
netstat -antp**- shows all tcp open ports (-a all, t-tcp, n-active, p protocol).
traceroute <url> — traces the route using packets from source to destination host.
Process Information Commands
ps — Process status.
ps — Displays the currently running process.
ps -u <userName>- Displays the process of the username
ps -ef — Displays all the processes of the system.
top - Shows the real-time, dynamic view of the running processes of a system.
kill <pid> — Gracefully terminates the process pid(-9 forcefull).
**
pgrep <processName>** — Shows process id of processes based on name/other criteria.
bg — background, sends the process to the background & continues execution without interruption.
fg — foreground, brings the process to the foreground and makes it an active process.
nohup — no hangup, runs command/script in the background even after the terminal is closed or the user logs out.
Example: nohup ./script.sh
<command> & — Using in last of command runs in background, allowing you to continue using the terminal while the command runs asynchronously.
Example: ./script.sh &
7. Archiving File Commands
tar - tape archive.
tar -cvf <fileName> <directory> — creates the tar file with the fileName for the directory mentioned (-c create, -v verbose, -f output file name).
tar -xvf <sourceTarFileName> -C <destinationDir> — puts the extracted files into the destination directory (-x extract, -v verbose, -f source tar file name, -C change the folder and download to destination dir).
8. Ubuntu Package related Commands
apt — Package Manager for Debian-based Linux distributions Eg: Ubuntu.
apt — Anewer version of the package manager with colorized output, progress bar and additional functions.
apt-get — Older version and basic package manager.
apt update — Updates the package list.
apt list — installed — Lists all the installed packages.
apt list — installed <packageName\> — shows the package name if it’s installed.
apt show <packageName> — shows information about a package mentioned.
apt search <packageName> — searches and shows the list of packages.
apt install <packageName> — installs the required package.
apt remove <packageName> — removes the required package.
apt purge <packageName> — removes the required package along with its config files.
Note: For other package manager just replace “apt” with other package manager
9. Directory Commands
pwd — shows the present working directory (Print Working Directory).
cd — changes the directory.
cd .. — changes to the parent directory (one level up).
cd <dirName> — changes to the specified directory.
cd ~ or cd — changes to the home directory of the currently logged-in user.
cd ../.. — changes the directory two levels up.
cd - — changes to the last working directory.
mkdir — makes a directory.
mkdir <dirName> — creates the specified directory.
mkdir -p <pathOfTheDir> — creates the specified directory and its parent directories if they do not exist (-p for parent).
ls — lists the files and folders in the current directory.
ls -a — lists all files and folders, including hidden ones (-a for all).
ls -al — lists all files and folders, including hidden ones, in a detailed format (-l for long listing format).
10. Misc Commands
man — Displays the manual page for a specific command, providing detailed information and usage instructions.
sed — Edits a stream of text by substituting occurrences of a pattern with another.
awk — A powerful programming language for text processing.
wc — (Word Count)
ln — (Create Links)
stat <fileName/dirName> — Shows detailed information about the file or directory.
cron — System daemon for managing scheduled tasks.
crontab — Used to create, edit, and manage cron jobs.
tree — Represents files and directories of a specific directory.
echo "sample text" | grep text — The output of the first command is passed as input to the second command using the pipe (|) symbol.
ls -l | tee file.txt — Redirects the list to file.txt and simultaneously displays it in the terminal.
echo "sample text" > <fileName> — Writes the content to the specified file, overwriting the existing content (> redirection operator).
echo "new sample text" >> <fileName> — Appends the content to the specified file without overwriting the existing content (>> redirection operator).
Conclusion
DevOps experts frequently use a core set of Linux commands to manage systems, automate workflows, and maintain seamless infrastructure operations. These commands are fundamental for DevOps activities and find applications in diverse areas, including system administration and deployment automation.
